Rent stages on the HIV life cycleName from the compound/product Nonoxynol9 (N9) C31G (Savvy) Sodium lauryl sulfate (invisible condom) Pro 2000 (naphthalene sulfonate) Carraguard gel Ushercell (cellulose sulfate) Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) SPL7013 Tenofovir (TFV) 1 gel Buffer gel Lersivirine (UK453061) Mechanism of action Surfactant Surfactant Surfactant Polyanion Polyanion Polyanion Blocks gp120 and gp41binding internet sites Fusion inhibitor Reversetranscriptase inhibitor Buffers the pH of vaginal fluid Nonnucleoside reversetranscriptase inhibitor Outcome of clinical trial Failed to prevent HIV transmission in industrial sex workers; elevated HIV transmission in microbicidetreated group No protection against HIV infection; adverse events associated with reproductive tract well tolerated and accepted by girls Not efficient in preventing HIV infection No difference in HIV incidence involving users of Carraguard gel and placebo group No useful impact in curtailing the danger of HIV transmission Heavy vaginal discharge, clinical trials stopped Secure and effectively tolerated CAPRISA 004 trial showed moderate efficacy to stop sexual transmission of HIV1; VOICe study failed to show prevention of HIV transmission Failed to stop HIV infection Protected in Phase IIb clinical trialAbbreviations: CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Program of Investigation in South Africa; VOICe, Vaginal and Oral Interventions to Handle the epidemic.submit your manuscript | www.1337880-39-3 Chemical name dovepress.Buy1025796-31-9 comHIV/AIDS Study and Palliative Care 2013:DovepressDovepressMicrobicides for prevention of HIV infectionbicides would avert or markedly decrease the probability of virus transmission. Detergents or surfactants that destroy the integrity in the viral envelope by solubilizing membrane lipids or by denaturing viral proteins have been categorized beneath this class. Nonoxynol9 (N9), an anionic surfactant initially developed inside the 1960s as a spermicide, was the initial vaginal microbicide to become studied.29 It has virucidal activity by disrupting the viral envelope. Within a macaque vaginal challenge model, administration of N9 led to reduction in transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus.30 However, a Phase III multicentric randomized placebocontrolled trial (COL1492) in industrial sex workers showed that N9 failed to prevent HIV transmission.31 In truth, the transmission price was marginally higher inside the N9 group compared to placebo manage group. This could have already been due to the development of lesions in the female reproductive tract as a consequence of its use.32 C31G (Savvy; Cellegy Pharmaceutical, Quakertown, PA, USA), an equimolar mixture of two surfaceactive amphoteric agents (cetyl betaine and myristamine oxide) buffered with citric acid, has shown in vitro security and broadspectrum activity against different bacteria and viruses, including C.PMID:23557924 trachomatis, HSV, and HIV.33,34 However, Phase III clinical research in 3 nations revealed that C31G failed to demonstrate any protection against HIV1 transmission.35,36 Further, its security was a concern, as several adverse events linked with reproductive tract were reported.35,36 Sodium lauryl sulfate (Invisible Condom; UniversitLaval, Quebec, Canada), one more surfactant has been shown to disrupt each nonenveloped and enveloped viruses.37 A randomized, double blind, placebocontrolled Phase II study in Cameroonian ladies revealed that the Invisible Condom gel formulation was nicely tolerated and acceptable.38 Additional phases of clinical development of Inv.
